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BlackHat Arsenal 2014 - C-SCAD : Assessing Security Flaws in C-SCAD WebX Client (Penetration Testing) from Aditya K Sood

Protect Your Software Development Web Interfaces - Information Lumps: A Case Study of Jenkins !

Automation of software development practices through applications has become the defacto standard in the security industry. Organizations are using support applications to reduce the workload in building and updating software.  The basic idea behind this post is to check how security is structured for software management applications such as Jenkins in a real time scenarios and what we need to look into while performing security assessments. Before discussing further, let's talk about Jenkins. According to the software website: "Jenkins is an application that monitors executions of repeated jobs, such as building a software project or jobs run by cron.". For more details, you can read here: https://wiki.jenkins-ci.org/display/JENKINS/Meet+Jenkins.

From software development perspective, Jenkins provides an integrated system which developers can use to manage software changes made to specific projects. It has been noticed that, although organizations use this software, but misconfigured interfaces (not running inside firewall and improper access rights) could have substantial impact. From security perspective, exposure of an integrated system that manages software development model could become a sensitive risk. To prove this fact, a case study of Jenkins application is discussed in which it is shown that how misconfigured and exposed interfaces could result in potential security glitches. 

These tests are conducted in an open environment. It has been found that several of the big companies use Jenkins and with no surprises the interfaces are exposed and running with improper authentication. In addition to this, there are numbers of Jenkins systems that are Internet facing and expose plethora of information to the attackers (remote users). A misconfigured Jenkins server results in disclosure of critical information that can be used in different set of attacks. A number of misconfiguration issues are presented below that result in information disclosure: 

Note: Based on this security issues, a few vulnerabilities have been reported to industry leaders (organizations) which have recognized the issue. I will release the details once the issue is patched.

Developers Information: Exposed Jenkins interface reveals information about the developers participating in the software projects. It is possible to extract userids of the registered accounts with associated names. This is a substantial point of gaining information about the users of a specific organization. An example of the exposed user details is shown below:

Exposed Developers Information !

Software Builds Information and Source Codes: It is possible to gain information about the software builds without any authentication (misconfigured scenarios).  Information about the changes in the software over a passage of time reveals information about the development flow of the components. Jenkins application does not ask for any explicit permission from the administrators to validate the user before accessing the ongoing software builds.  An example is shown below:

Exposed Software Build and Version numbers !

In certain scenarios, it is also possible to download the source code from the Jenkins without any authentication. Although for making changes to the code, you require credentials but the fun part is you can download code without them. Take a look at the example shown below:

Source Code Files !

Server-side Information Disclosure in Environment Variables: Access to environment variables also provides plethora of information. Example presented below shows the significant information about the configure MySQL (JDBC) database server. The attacker can easily glean username and password of the database (SONAR_JDBC_USERNAME & SONAR_JDBC_PASSWORD) including the internal IP address with port number on which JDBC service is running. 

Revealed Environment Information !

Exposure of Application Secret Data: During analysis, it has been found that a number of server side scripts have hard coded critical information such as secret-keys and credentials which can be exposed when console-output operations are performed. The underlined example shows how a secret key is extracted by accessing the console-output.  In this example, the curl command uses a secret key to connect to a specific domain for fetching JSON data through GET request. Once this information is exposed, the attacker can directly perform queries with the target domain. 

Revealed Secret Key !

Cron Jobs Execution: It is also possible to start the cron jobs which reveal plethora of information due to the usage of debugging calls. The majority of the time cron jobs produce a heck lot of output showing the success of running software. The example shown below presents the creation of database by a specific cron job in one of the vulnerable Jenkins configuration. It reveals how the table of OAUTH tokens is created and index is generated. 

Information Leakage through Cron Jobs !

Information Disclosure in Debug Errors: During a quick check in certain Jenkins configurations, it has been noticed that the Jenkins server does not handle the requests to restricted resources in a secure manner. The attacker can perform additional steps to request access to restricted resources to generated debug errors as shown below: 

Information Disclosure in DEBUG Errors !

Some of the standard requests specific to Jenkins are shown below:

• For verifying whether anonymous access is allowed or not in Jenkins, the link can be fetched as: http://www.example.com/pview/
• To retrieve the system information, the attacker can try for: http://www.example.com/systeminf
• For accessing the script interface (command line access), one can try for: http://www.example.com/script
• To retrieve the Jenkins account signup webpage: http://www.example.com/signup
• For creating account, send a direct request to:http://www.example.com/securityRealm/createAccount 

Explicit CSRF Protection: It is always a good practice to analyze the design of the application from security standards. Some security standards should be deployed in the application by default. For example: - Jenkins provides a global security option in which protection against CSRF attacks have to be explicitly checked. If this option is not checked, the Jenkins application fails to deploy the protection globally. During our analysis, it has been noticed a number of Jenkins systems are running without CSRF protection which makes them vulnerable to critical web attacks.

Explicit Security Configuration !

SSH Endpoint Disclosure: Jenkins implements a SSH random port feature in which the software randomize the port selection for running SSH service. Typically, when a client sends a GET request, Jenkins replies back with "X-SSH-Endpoint" HTTP header which leverages the information in the form of host: port. It means SSH service is listening on following host with given port number. If the system is already exposed on the Internet, the attacker can easily glean information about the port number on which SSH server is listening. A real time example of a server running Jenkins is shown below:

SSH Endpoint Disclosure !

This information discussed in this post only provides a glimpse of security risks associated with the poorly administered software managing applications. These applications can provide a potential beef for the attackers to gain substantial amount of information about the organization and server side environment which facilitates the additional attacks.

For replicating the issues, trigger Google dork as: intitle: "Dashboard [Jenkins]" for getting a list of Jenkins server available on the Internet.

Impacts: As shown above, the misconfigured software management applications can have severe impacts as discussed below:

• Information about developers can be used to conduct Phishing attacks including social engineering trickery to launch targeted attacks.
•  A common mistake for not enabling the CSRF protection exposes the Jenkins environment to number of critical web vulnerabilities such as Cross-site File uploading.
• In appropriate error handling discloses information about the different stack traces and internal components of the software.
• Unrestricted cron jobs will result in successful running of different builds of the software. As shown above, information disclosed in the console output results in leakage of sensitive data such as secret keys. The attacker can use the secret keys to attack target servers.
• Disclosure of software build information provides an attacker with a complete knowledge of the updates and modification that have taken place in the software. This information is beneficial for hunting security vulnerabilities or design analysis.

Recommendations:

•  For software development and management interfaces, restrict the access completely. It is highly recommended that the server should be configured with complete authentication. It means no functionality of the application should be allowed to be accessed without authentication or in a default state.
• Simply removing the HTTP links from interfaces is not a robust way to restrict access. The links can be fuzzed easily to gain access to hidden functionality. Deploy security features using a global configuration.
• Standard security protection mechanism should be enabled by default without asking any preferences from the users or administrators.
• Administrator should verify the new account creation in software like Jenkins before an access is granted to the registered user.

Configure Well and Be Secure!

(Pentest Apache #2) - The Beauty of "%3F" and Apache's Inability | Wordpress | Mod Security

Tested Apache Version: Apache 1.3.37(Unix) (with different modules)

I was doing an open research and came across an interesting issue which helps a penetration tester to gather more information about the files present (directory listing) on the web server (specific web folder). I tested only one version of Apache for this. Let's understand this issue. The problem is present in Apache's ability to process the encoded value of "?" which is "%3F". 

Testing: During the validation, I found that wordpress was running on Apache 1.3.37(unix). Due to misconfiguration, it was possible to access the /wp-includes/  folder, which resulted in directory listing as shown below:

So, when I accessed the /wp-admin/ directory, it redirected me to the login page as presented below:

Tthe above presented screenshot shows the correct behavior of the wordpress or the Apache server when /wp-admin/ directory is accessed. Now, when I accessed the http://www.example.com/blog/ , the web server displayed the contents of wordpress blog such as posts and entries. 

Question : Is it possible to get the directory listing on accessing the /blog/ directory?

Answer : Yes, It can be done in some web servers such as Apache.

Question : How can it be possible?

Answer : I exploited the behavior of Apache in processing the encoded "?" character whose value is

"%3F". Amazingly, it worked. I constructed the payload as:   http://www.example.com/blog/%3Fpage_id=34. [One can use any id number or parameter]

Other examples:

http://www.example.com/blog/%3Fp_id=34

http://www.example.com/blog/%3Fpg_id=34

When I used the above stated payload, I got the response as follows:

This allowed me to get the listing of the /blog/ directory which really helped me to understand the presence of different files on the remote web server. But, If I used the payload as: http://www.example.com/blog/?page_id=34 without encoding, it did not work. So the encoding of "?" character resulted in failure of processing the request as desired by the Apache web server thereby resulting in directory listing.

Let's have a look at the HTTP response headers:

Request 1: http://www.example.com/blog/%3Fpage_id=34.

(Status-Line)      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date      Sun, 20 Jan 2013 19:22:59 GMT
Server   VHFFS / Apache/1.3.34 (Unix) mod_lo/1.0 PHP/4.4.4 with Hardening-Patch mod_ssl/2.8.25 OpenSSL/0.9.8b mod_chroot/0.5
Content-Type    text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Transfer-Encoding           chunked

Request 2: http://www.example.com/blog/?page_id=34

(Status-Line)      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date      Sun, 20 Jan 2013 19:23:48 GMT
Server   VHFFS / Apache/1.3.34 (Unix) mod_lo/1.0 PHP/4.4.4 with Hardening-Patch mod_ssl/2.8.25 OpenSSL/0.9.8b mod_chroot/0.5
X-Powered-By  PHP/5.1.5 with Hardening-Patch
Content-Type    text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
Transfer-Encoding           chunked

In the request 2, the response contains X-Powered-By as compared to the first request. So, the PHP preprocessor plays a part in it.

Constraint: In this technique, one can only get the directory listing but will no be able to access those files

until unless there is misconfiguration issue.

Background: I forced Google to provide me with related information and I got the related links as follows:

1. http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9786853/apache-not-processing-encoded-urls-with-3f

2. https://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=34602

Solution: Configure appropriate rewrite rules using mod_rewrite to prevent these types of vulnerabilities.

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